12.4
Mutations
(Recessive Gene)
Change
Pg. 346
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUTATIONS
·
Missense
Mutation: a single
nitrogenous base is substituted causing the coding sequence to change. (Harder
to identify)
·
Nonsense
Mutation: A codon
mutation causes a deletion of gene coding causing genetic mutations.
·
Deletion Mutations: A
single nitrogenous base is deleted causing a shift in the genetic code.
·
Insertion
Mutations: A single
nitrogenous base is inserted causing a shift in the genetic code
·
Duplication
Mutations: A codon is
repeated causing the production of a different protein. (you end up with a
different protein.
What
causes Mutations?
· Can
occur spontaneously (suddenly)
· Chemicals
and radiations also can damage DNA
· High-energy
forms of radiation, such as X rays and gamma rays are highly mutagenic
· Increases
caused by environmental factors (pollution, not recycling)
· Benzene,
formaldehyde, carbon tetrachloride
· Viruses/Microorganisms
(can trigger cancer)
13.1
Selective Breeding:
(you choose what breeds so it will have certain traits)
Example:
Explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats
and purebred dogs.
TWO TYPES
OF SELECTIVE BREEDING:
· Hybridization:
crossing (mixing) too things that are the same species
· Inbreeding:
breeding of two things that are in the same family
DNA
PROFILING:
A
technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals of the same
species using only samples of their DNA.
Ex. Used
to find out about crime scenes, who’s the father.
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