Ferrell Blog: Biology Chapter 18

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CHAPTER 18 REVIEW GAME

CHAPTER 18

Questions

1. What are microscopic organisms?

2. Where does bacteria live?

3. Do prokaryotes have a nucleus? YES or NO

4. Do prokaryotes have a cell wall? YES or NO

5. What are the two types of prokaryotes:

_____________________________________ & _____________________________________

6. Archaebacteria live in ______________________________ places.

7. ____________________________________ has strong cell walls, has peptidoglycan.

8. What are the three types of Eubacteria?

______________________________________

9. Parasites live off of other __________________________________________.

10. Saprobes live off of _______________________ organisms or waste.

11. Photoautotrophs make their own food from ________________________.

12. What are three arrangements of bacteria?

______________________________________

13. What are the three shapes of bacteria?

______________________________________

14. _____________________________ is a whip like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion to move towards materials they need to survive.

15. Pilli is hollow ________________ like structures made of protein that allows other bacteria to attach to other cells.

16. _________________________ ____________________________ is the division of a cell into two genetically identical cells.

17. What are the two ways that bacteria reproduce?

______________________________________

18. Asexual reproduction is the production of living things from ____________________ parent.

19. What are the four environments that endospores can survive?

______________________________________

20. ________________________________________ are thick-celled structure that forms inside a cell.

21. ________________________________________ is bacteria that is harmless that lives in and on humans.

22. What are decomposers? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

23. A _______________________ percent of bad bacteria causes diseases.

24. List some examples of helpful/good bacteria:

______________________________________

25. Bad bacteria multiply ______________________________________ in an infection.

26. Are Viruses cells? YES or NO

27. Are Viruses Living? YES or NO

28. ________________ Viruses are stable.

29. _________________ Viruses mutate rapidly.

30. Viruses can only _____________________________________ in a host cell.

31. List four viral diseases:

______________________________________

32. List four bacterial disease:

______________________________________

33. What are two examples of DNA viruses?

______________________________________

34. What are two examples of RNA viruses?

______________________________________

35. The _________________________ Cycle host cells.

36. _______________________________________ are viruses that have RNA for their genetic material.

CHAPTER 18 VOCABULARY

1.	Bacteria	_______
2.	Pilli	_______
3.	Binary Fission	_______
4.	Shapes	_______
5.	Normal Flora	_______
6.	Capsule	_______
7.	Flagella	_______
8.	Endospores	_______
9.	Conjugation	_______
10.	Virus	_______
11.	Lytic Cycle	_______
12.	Lysogenic Cycle	_______
13.	Prion	_______
14.	Retrovirus	_______
15	Microscopic Organism	_______
16.	Parasites	_______
17.	Saprobes	_______
18.	Photoautotrophs	_______
19	Anaerobic	_______
20.	Aerobic	_______
21.	Heterotrophic	_______
22.	Autotroph	_______
23.	Methanogens	_______
24.	Halophiles	_______
25.	Thermoacidophiles	_______
26.	Decomposers	_______
27.	Communicable Diseases	_______
28.	Bacterial	_______
29.	Viral	_______
30.	Bacteria	_______

a.	Spiral,S Sphere/Round, and Rod Shaped are the three ___________________ of bacteria.
b.	Viral DNA inserts into a chromosome in a host cell.
c.	Anthrax, Leprosy, Tuberculosis, and Whooping cough are all ____________________ diseases.
d.	Microscopic Organisms that are prokaryotes and are the simplest forms of life.
e.	Helps the bacteria from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells
f.	A protein that can cause infectious disease.
g.	Viruses that have RNA instead of DNA in their genetic material.
h.	AIDS, Chicken Pox, Common Colds, Mumps, Pneumonia, Genital Herpes are all ______________________ diseases.
i.	Most bacteria that is harmless and that lives inside and/or on you.
j.	The host cell makes copies of the viral RNA or DNA
k.	Small organisms that you can’t see
l.	Survive through harsh environments
m.	_______________________ like warm, dark, moist environments.
n.	Hollow hair like structures made of protein allows other bacteria to attach to other cells
o.	In hot acidic water
p.	Help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow
q.	Don’t need oxygen to grow
r.	Makes their own food
s.	A small infectious mechanism that can only replicate inside a host cell (inside the living cells of organisms)
t.	Environments with no oxygen
u.	Copies and makes another cell exactly like it.
v.	Need oxygen to grow
w.	Live off dead organisms or waste
x.	A whip like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion to move towards materials they need to survive.
y.	Get food from other sources
z.	Make their own food from light.
aa.	Two prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic information
bb.	Places with a lot of salt
cc.	Live off of other organisms
dd.	A disease that is passed from one organism to another

CHAPTER 18 NOTES

BACTERIA & VIRUSES

BACTERIA:

o Are microscopic organisms (so small that you can’t see)

o Bacteria like warm, dark and moist environments

o Bacteria is found in most places: water, soil, skin, air, food, inside the body, on most objects

o Are Prokaryotes (Don’t have a nucleus)

PROKARYOTES:

Þ No nucleus

Þ Mostly Single Celled

Þ Have circular chromosomes

Þ Have Cell Walls

Þ Reproduce Mostly Asexually (

Þ Can be Anaerobic (don’t need oxygen to grow) or Aerobic (need oxygen to grow)

Þ Can be Heterotrophic (get food from other sources) or Autotrophic (makes their own food)

Þ Can survive in many different environments

Þ Get their energy from many different sources (places)

Þ Were earth’s first cells

Þ Are the simplest forms of LIFE

TWO TYPES of PROKARYOTES (bacteria):

1. The Domain Archaea: ARCHAEBACTERIA

2. The Domain Bacteria: EUBACTERIA

1. ARCHAEBACTERIA: Live in extreme (crazy) places:

§ METHANOGENS: Environments with NO OXYGEN

§ HALOPHILES: Places with A LOT of SALT

§ THERMOACIDOPHILES: In HOT acidic WATER

2. EUBACTERIA:

§ Have strong cell walls

§ Have Peptidoglycan

§ Some have a second cell wall

Text Box: ➢ Eubacteria Types:
==> Heterotrophs:
o Are found everywhere
o Are PARASITES: live off of other organisms
o Are SAPROBES: live off dead organisms or waste (recyclers)
==> Photoautotrophs:
o Photosynthetic: make their own food from light
o Cyanobacteria: blue-green, yellow, or red
o Ponds, Streams, Moist Areas
==> Chemoautotrophs:
o Get energy by breaking down inorganic substances like sulfur and nitrogen
o Make nitrogen in the air usable for plants

ARRANGEMENTS of Bacteria:

§ Paired: Diplo

§ Grape like Clusters: Staphylo

§ Chains: Strepto

SHAPES of Bacteria:

Come in a variety of shapes

§ Spiral

§ Sphere/Round

§ Rod Shaped

BACTERIA:

Pilli:

Hollow hair like structures made of protein

Allows other bacteria to attach to other cells

Ribosomes:

Where proteins are made

Chromosome:

Capsule:

Keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells

Cell Wall:

Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

Plasma Membrane:

Flagella:

A whip like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion (to help move) to move towards materials they need to survive. Flagella are made of filaments.

Plasmid

REPRODUCTION of Bacteria:

1. Binary Fission:

· Division of a cell into two genetically identical cells (copies & makes another cell exactly like it)

· One organisms dividing into two organisms

Fission: Is a type of asexual reproduction: production of a living thing from only one parent

HOW? The chromosome makes a copy of itself and divides into two

2. Conjugation:

· Two prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic information.

SURVIVAL of Bacteria:

Endospores: The thick-celled structure that forms inside of the cell.

o Allow bacteria to live for many years

o Survive through harsh (tough) environments:

§ Boiling/extreme heat

§ Freezing/extreme cold

§ Extremely dry/dehydration

§ A lot of ultra violet radiation

MUTATION of Bacteria:

Bacteria reproduce (copy/make more) quickly and their population grows rapidly (fast).

Þ Mutations lead to:

o New kinds of genes

o New gene combinations (mixes)

o Genetic diversity

ECOLOGY of Bacteria: Nutrient cycling and nitrogen fixation

Ø Bacteria are decomposers: Return important nutrients to the environment. Get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals.

Ø Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship in the root nodules of plants such as soybeans, clover, and alfalfa.

HELPFUL (good) Bacteria:

· Normal Flora: Most bacteria that is harmless (will not hurt you) that live in or on you.

· Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow.

· Bacteria grow in the stomach of cows so it can break down the grass and hay it eats.

Some helpful (good) bacteria make:

o Cheese

o Yogurt

o Buttermilk

o Pickles

o Vitamins

o Antibiotics (medicine)

o Ecoli on Small Intestine

o Sour Cream

o Insulin (for diabetes shots)

o Used to treat sewage

o Industrial Chemicals.

HARMFUL (bad) Bacteria:

· A small percent of bad bacteria causes diseases

· Bad bacteria multiply quickly in an infection

· Bacteria secrete (put out) a toxin (poison)

· Animals can pass bad diseases to humans

o Communicable Disease: a disease is passed from one organism to another

VIRUSES:

· ARE NOT CELLS

· ARE NOT LIVING

· No organelles to take in nutrients or use energy

· Cannot make proteins

· Cannot move

· Cannot replicate (copy) on their own

· Can ONLY replicate (copy) inside a host cell

Process or reproduction: LYTIC CYCLE

· Most viruses range in size from 5 to 300 nanometers

Basic Structure of VIRUSES

o Protein coat

o Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA)

o Lipoprotein coat (second coat: only in enveloped viruses)

DNA VIRUSES:

· Are stable

· Do not mutate rapidly (mutate slowly)

· Are single or double stranded

Examples of DNA viruses:

o Smallpox

o Hepatitis B

RNA VIRUSES:

· Are Unstable

· Mutate rapidly (fast)

· Are single or double stranded

Examples of RNA viruses:

o HIV

o Rhinovirus

REPLICATION of Viruses:

The LYTIC CYCLE: The host cell makes copies of the Viral RNA or DNA.

§ Virus attaches to host cell’s membrane and injects its nuclei acid into the hose cell

§ The viral nucleic acid takes over protein synthesis, CREATING NEW VIRUS.

§ The host cell BURSTS, LYSES, and RELEASES the new made virus.

The LYSOGENIC CYCLE:

§ Viral DNA inserts into a chromosome in a host cell.

§ The Infected cell will have the viral genes permanently.

RETROVIRUSES:

Viruses that have RNA instead of DNA for their genetic material

Retroviruses have a special protein capsid

Lipid envelope is obtained from the plasma membrane of a host cell.

PRIONS:

Proteinaceous Infectious Particle/Prion:

§ Protein that can cause infectious disease

§ Live in Cells

§ Associated with diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

BACTERIAL DISEASES:

Anthrax

Botulism

Cholera

Diphtheria

Dysentery

Gonorrhea

Leprosy

Mastitis

Meningitis

Syphilis

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Typhoid Fever

Whooping Cough

VIRAL DISEASES:

AIDS

Chicken Pox

Shingles

Common Colds

Diabetes (some)

Encephalitis

Genital Herpes

Infectious Hepatitis

Influenza

Measles

Meningitis

Mononucleosis

Mumps

Pneumonia (some)

Poliomyelitis

Rabies

Rubella

Smallpox

Yellow Fever

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Tuesday, March 20, 2012

Biology Chapter 18

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