GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 2 REVIEW
THE
COLONIST BROUGHT THREE MAIN CONCEPTS TO AMERICA:
1. The
need for an ordered social system,
or government.
2. The
idea of limited government: government should NOT be all-powerful. Government
cannot infringe on an individuals rights. Ex. Jordan suspects that Larry is a
drug dealer… Jordan must have a search warrant with the judges signature before
he can go inside Larry’s house.
3. The
concept of representative government: A government that serves the will
of the people. We vote (elect) people to represent us.
TIMELINE:
13 COLONIES SEPARATE FROM BRITAIN
MAGNA CARTA (1215)
· The
Magna Carta was the first English charter of liberties (freedoms), which
included such fundamental (important) rights as trial by jury, and due process
of law.
· The
Magna Carta outlined restrictions on the king's power & granted certain
rights to the barons.
· The
Magna Carta reflected limited government
PETITION OF RIGHT (1628)
· Was
a statement that Parliament forced the king to sign, declaring that even a
monarch must obey the law of the land.
· Parliament
first limited the power of the Crown under the Petition of Right
NEW
ENGLAND CONFEDERATION (1643)
·
In 1643, several New England settlements formed the New
England Confederation.
ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS (1689)
·
It extended the list of actions requiring
Parliamentary approval. The Bill also provided that people had the right to
petition the king without fear of reprisal (payback/punishment) and the right
to a fair trial. The king could not abolish laws on his own. It also granted
the right for citizens to protest/ petitioning
THE ALBANY PLAN (1754)
•
In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union, in which an
annual congress of delegates
(representatives) from each of the 13 colonies would be formed.
THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS (1765)
•
In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act
Congress in New York.
•
These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and
Grievances against British policies and sent it to the king.
THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1774)
·
In the later 1700’s policies of the
British colonies became Stricter
·
English states
were not independent, did not have sovereignty.
·
The colonists sent a Declaration of Rights
to King George III because he imposed new taxes and laws on the colonists.
·
The colonists started a confederation,
proposed an annual congress, and began to rebel.
·
The delegates urged each of the colonies
to refuse all trade with England until British tax and trade regulations were
recalled.
STATE
CONSTITUTIONS
· The
first state constitutions focused mainly on limiting governmental power.
· The
first state constitution’s adopted independence and put most authority with the
state legislatures.
· Massachusetts
was founded mainly as a place for personal and religious freedom.
SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS (1776-1781)
• In
1775, each of the 13 colonies sent representatives to this gathering in
Philadelphia.
• The
Second Continental Congress served as the first government of the United States
from 1776 to 1781.
• From
the New England Confederation to the Second Continental congress, the colonist
became more organized and Defiant
• The
second continental congress raised an American army and was similar to the
first in the alignment of its members.
• Economic
issues contributed the most realization that the nation needed a stronger
central government.
• The
state’s constitution, John Locke’s Two
Treaties of Government, and British tradition all influenced the Framers in
developing the Constitution.
• When
the Framers were creating the new Constitution, they took experiences from
their own state governments, the writings of Rousseau and Locke, and the
governments of ancient Greece and Rome.
• DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (July 4, 1776)
Þ On
July 4, 1776, the Second Continental
Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
Þ Most
of the Declaration of Independence is full of complaints/wrongs done to the
colonists.
Þ In
the Declaration of Independence, Americans first expressed the idea that the
people have the rights to abolish a government that is abusive and does not
respond to their wants, and needs.
Þ The
ideas that people have certain natural rights, government can exist only with
the people’s permission and that the people may change or abolish the
government is included in the Declaration of Independence. It basically says
that the 13 Colonies are free from England.
• ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1781-1789)
Þ It
was written by the Continental Congress in 1776-77, went into effect in 1777,
and was formally approved by all 13 states in 1781.
Þ State
constitutions and the Articles of Confederation both valued the principle of popular
sovereignty
Þ The
government that was created by the Articles of Confederation only had a
legislative branch, with a unicameral congress
Þ The
Articles gave legality to the Continental Congress to direct the American
Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe, and deal with territorial
issues and Indian relations.
Þ The
structural weaknesses became a matter of concern for leaders in every state and
in 1789 it was replaced with the US CONSTITUTION, which allowed for a much
stronger national government, with a president, courts, and taxing powers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation)
o PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION (1787)
§ A
chief goal of both the Annapolis
Convention and the Philadelphia
Convention was to recommend a federal plan for regulating interstate trade.
§ At
the Philadelphia Convention, the
delegates agreed to make/write a new constitution.
· CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE (1787)
o Was
an agreement in Congress stating that the States must be represented equally in
the Senate and by population in the House.
o The
Connecticut Compromise (1787) and
the Three Fifths Compromise (1787) were
crucial to the small states because without them, the small States would have
carried little weight in the new government.
· THREE FIFTHS COMPROMISE (1787)
o The
Framers decided to count a slave as three-fifths of a person when determining
the population of a State.
· THE
COMMERCE AND SLAVE TRADE COMPROMISE (1787)
o Congress
was forbidden from taxing exported goods, and was not allowed to act on the
slave trade for 20 years.
· THE
VIRGINIA PLAN (1787)
o Called
for representation in Congress by population or by the amount of money given to
the central government.
REVOLUTIONARY WAR (1775-1783)
·
After the revolutionary war, the National
Government was too weak to deal with its economic and political problems.
VIRGINIA
BILL OF RIGHTS (1776)
US
CONSTITUTION (1789)
BILL OF RIGHTS (1791)
·
Is the FIRST TEN
AMENDMENTS of the US Constitution
·
Limit the rights
of our federal government
3 TYPES OF COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA
Royal Colonies
· Were
ruled directly by the English monarchy.
§ Example:
Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, New Jersey, New York
Proprietary Colonies
· Were
organized by people who the king gave land to. It could be settled and governed
in whatever way they saw fit. The King granted land to people in North America,
who then formed proprietary
colonies.
§ Example:
Maryland, Pennsylvania to William Penn & Delaware
Charter Colonies
· Most
governmental matters were handled by the colonist
· Governor
was elected not appointed
· Out
of all the colonies, the Charter Colonies were the most sovereign, independent.
· The
charter colonies were mostly self-governed, and their charters were granted to
the colonists.
· Example:
Connecticut and Rhode Island
IMPORTANT INDIVIDUALS IN OUR
HISTORY
Jean
Jacques Rousseau
· Wrote
the Social Contract, which promoted
the idea that people must participate in society if they want to share in its
benefits.
Thomas
Hobbes
· An
enlightenment philosopher who wrote Leviathan, describes in its belief that in
nature, would be in a constant state of conflict and insecurity, looking out
only for themselves and their interests (only what they want)
John
Locke
· Argued
that government must act for the good of everyone and that people had the right
to rebel if it failed to protect their “self evident” natural rights of life,
liberty, and property. (Government must do what everyone wants and that people
could rebel (protest) if the government did not protect their rights)
James
Madison
· Is
known as the “Father of the Constitution”
· James
Madison had a plan for the country. He was from Virginia.
· Anti-federalists are those for whom the Constitution represented a too-powerful central government. They objected to the Constitution for many reasons, including the strong central government and the lack of a bill of rights
· Federalists thought that the Articles of Confederation were weak, and argued for the ratification of the Constitution.
· A boycott is an organized action to change opponents’ behavior by refusing to buy or sell their goods.
· A confederation is a joining of several groups for a common purpose.
· Popular sovereignty believes that the power is in the people.
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